托福閱讀詞匯題總結(jié)
托福閱讀考試中的詞匯題是新托福閱讀考試每次必考題型，托福閱讀詞匯題目的讓考生熟知文章中個(gè)別單詞或短語(yǔ)的具體意思，所以考生理解單詞的意思必須符合原文的意思。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，題目中涉及到的單詞或短語(yǔ)對(duì)于文章的理解或者重要的部分起到至關(guān)重要的作用。
如何識(shí)別此類問(wèn)題
詞匯類問(wèn)題很容易辨認(rèn)，在文章中被考到的單詞或短語(yǔ)會(huì)被用陰影標(biāo)識(shí)出來(lái)，問(wèn)題的提問(wèn)形式通常為：
☆ In the case of a word， the question might be :
The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to
☆ In the case of a phrase， the question might be :
In stating X， the author means that
The phrase X in the passage is closest in meaning to
其中，以第一種形式，也就是考察考生某單詞在文章上下文中意思的問(wèn)題類型最為常見(jiàn)。
如何答題
1. 在文章中定位到陰影標(biāo)識(shí)的單詞或短語(yǔ)。
2. 仔細(xì)閱讀該詞或短語(yǔ)所在句子。
3. 在句子中尋找可以幫助理解陰影標(biāo)識(shí)的單詞或短語(yǔ)的具體意思的線索。
4. 選擇答案，并將所選擇的單詞或短語(yǔ)放入原文進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)，以確認(rèn)這個(gè)句子在全文中仍是有意義的。
提醒考生注意，選擇答案時(shí)，不要僅僅因?yàn)槟硞�(gè)選項(xiàng)符合該單詞的某一個(gè)正確意思就將其作為正確選項(xiàng);題目考察的是作者在文章上下文中使用了那一個(gè)詞義。
如何利用各種線索
☆ 結(jié)構(gòu)線索(即指明句子中各成分之間關(guān)系的特定單詞、短語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu))
1. 對(duì)比
Example: OG Practice Set 5， question 6
Passage 5: In this newly emerging economic order， workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craftworkers such as carpenters and tailors formed unions and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades’ Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837， but in the depression that followed， labor’s strength collapsed…
The phrase gathered some momentum in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ made progress
○ became active
○ caused changes
○ combined forces
解析：?jiǎn)卧~readily所在的文章句子中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折詞but，根據(jù)文章中but后面的內(nèi)容我們可以得出短語(yǔ)gathered some momentum在此句中的的意思為made progress。
2. 例子
Example: OG Practice Set 4， question 10
Passage 8: One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings in turn， can lead to aggressive action， but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on other people’s motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people’s motives. For example， they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.
The word distort in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ mistrust
○ misinterpret
○ criticize
○ resent
解析：distort所在的文章句子后出現(xiàn)“ for example”， 根據(jù)for example 中的內(nèi)容，我們可以得出distort在此句中的意思為misinterpret。
3. 并列信息
Example: OG Practice Set 5， question 3
Passage 3: …Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and since work was specialized， disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
The word disrupted in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ prolonged
○ established
○ followed
○ upset
解析：disrupt 在的文章句子中出現(xiàn)and連接的并列信息hurt，根據(jù)這一并列信息，我們可以得出disrupt在此句中的意思為upset。
4. 因果關(guān)系
Example: OG Practice Set 6， question 1
Passage 1: …Feeding， courtship， preproduction， and even “rest” are carried out while in constant motion. As a result， practically every aspect of the body form and function of these swimming “machines” is adapted to enhance their ability to swim.
The word enhance in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ use
○ improve
○ counteract
○ balance
解析：enhance 在的'文章句子中出現(xiàn)表示因果關(guān)系的短語(yǔ)as a result，根據(jù)前一句中的原因，我們可以得出enhance在此句中的意思為improve。
5. 連詞or
Example: OG The EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS question 1
Passage 1: Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world， but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may e universal…
The word despondent in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ curious
○ unhappy
○ thoughtful
○ uncertain
解析：despondent 所在的文章句子中出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句，疑問(wèn)句中的連詞or 表示選擇，因此我們可以得出despondent在此句中的意思為unhappy?
☆ 數(shù)字/時(shí)間
Example: OG Practice Set 3， question 11
Passage 6: With the advent of projection， the viewer’s relationship with the image was no longer private， as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope， which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public –an experience that the viewer shared with dozens， score， and even hundreds of others. At the same time， the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.
The word expanded in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ was enlarged
○ was improved
○ was varied
○ was rejected
解析：expanded所在的文章句子中出現(xiàn)從“1 or 2 inches”到“6 or 9 feet”，因此我們可以輕而易舉得出expanded在文章中上下文意思為 was enlarged。
☆ 標(biāo)點(diǎn)線索
Example: OG Practice Set 3， question 4
Passage 3: Exhibitors， however， wanted to maximize their profits， which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than one at a time) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission…
The word readily in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ frequently
○ easily
○ intelligently
○ obviously
解析：readily 在的文章句子中出現(xiàn)表示附加或補(bǔ)充信息的圓括號(hào)()，根據(jù)圓括號(hào)中的內(nèi)容，我們可以得出readily在此句中的意思為easily。
☆ 構(gòu)詞法
根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法，單詞的結(jié)構(gòu)有三部分：前綴(prefixes)，詞干(stems)和后綴(suffixes)。詞干是單詞的構(gòu)成基礎(chǔ)，前綴和后綴則分別加在詞干的前面和后面，從而改變單詞的詞性和含義。而前綴、后綴和詞干都有其固定含義，因此根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法，我們就可以利用其固定含義來(lái)判斷生詞的意思。
Example: OG NINETEENTH-CENTURY POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES
Passage 1: …During his administration he immeasurably enlarged the power of the presidency…
The word immeasurably in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ frequently
○ greatly
○ rapidly
○ reportedly
解析：immeasurably一詞的詞根為measure(測(cè)量、度量)，詞綴分別為im-(不)，-able(能…的)，-ly(由形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~)。因此我們可以判斷immeasurably一詞在此句中的意思為greatly?
以上是托福閱讀考試中的詞匯題解析，大家對(duì)這種題不可掉以輕心，需要特別提醒的是一個(gè)單詞可能有多個(gè)意思，但在給定選項(xiàng)中只有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)與該單詞在閱讀文章中的意思相符，所以要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境判斷，這就要看大家對(duì)整篇文章的理解了。
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