大學英語精讀第二冊第8課內容詳解

時間：2024-07-05 17:36:54 偲穎大學英語我要投稿

相關推薦

大學英語精讀第二冊第8課內容詳解

　　英語屬于印歐語系日耳曼語族西日耳曼語支，最早被中世紀的英國使用，并因其廣闊的殖民地而成為世界使用面積最廣的語言。以下是小編為大家收集的大學英語精讀第二冊第8課內容詳解，僅供參考，大家一起來看看吧。

大學英語精讀第二冊第8課內容詳解

　　內容詳解1：

　　Ever thought about cheating on a test? Of course not. But some students are not quite so honest …

　　Honesty: Is It Going Out of Style?

　　Stacia Robbins

　　According to a recent poll, 61 percent of American high school students have admitted to cheating on exams at least once. It can be argued such a response my not mean much. After all, most students have been faced with the temptation to peek at a neighbors test paper. And students can be hard on themselves in judging such behavior. However, there are other indications that high school cheating may be on the rise.

　　More and more states are requiring students to pass competency tests in order to receive their high school diplomas. And many educators fear that an increase in the use of state exams will lead to a corresponding rise in cheating. A case in point is students in New York State who faced criminal misdemeanor charges for possessing and selling advance copies of state Regents examinations.

　　Cheating is considered to be a major problem in colleges and universities. Several professors say theyve dropped the traditional term paper requirement because many students buy prewritten term papers, and they cant track down all the cheaters anymore.

　　Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about the rise in student cheating. For instance, the Department of Psychology at the University of Maryland launched a campaign to stop one form of cheating. As 409 students filed out of their exam, they found all but one exit blocked. Proctors asked each student to produce an ID card with an attached photo. Students who said theyd left theirs in the dorm or at home had a mug shot taken. The purpose of the campaign was to catch "ringers," students who take tests for other students.

　　The majority of students at the University of Maryland applauded the campaign. The campus newspaper editorial said, "Like police arresting speeders, the intent is not to catch everyone but rather to catch enough to spread the word."

　　We frequently hear about "the good old days", when Americans were better, happier, and more honest. But were they more honest? Maybe yes, a long time ago when life was very different from what it is today.

　　School children used to know the story of how Abraham Lincoln walked five miles to return a penny hed overcharged a customer. Its the kind of story we think of as myth. But in the case of Lincoln, the story is true … unlike the story of George Washington and the cherry tree. Washingtons first biographer invented the tale of little George saying to his father, "I cannot tell a lie. I did it with my ax." What is important in both stories, however, is that honesty was seen as an important part of the American character.

　　And these are just two stories out of many. Students in the last century usually didnt read "fun" stories. They read stories that taught moral values. Such stories pointed out quite clearly that children who lied, cheated, or stole came to bad ends.

　　Parents may have further reinforced those values. Its difficult to know. We do know that children didnt hear their parents talk of cheating the government on income taxes - there werent any.

　　A clue as to why Americans may have been more honest in the past lies in the Abe Lincoln story. Lincoln knew his customer. They both lived in a small town. Would a check-out person at a large supermarket return money a customer? Its less likely. On the other hand, would overnight guests at an inn run by a husband and wife, steal towels? Its less likely.

　　Perhaps this tells us that people need to know one another to be at their honest best.

　　The vast majority of Americans still believe that honesty as an important part of the American Character. For that reason, there are numerous watch-dog committees at all levels of society. Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?

　　There is some evidence that dishonesty may ebb and flow. When times are hard, incidents of theft and cheating usually go up. And when times get better such incidents tend to go down.

　　Cheating in school also tends to ebb and flow. But it doesnt seem linked to the economy.

　　Many educators feel that as students gain confidence in themselves and their abilities, they are less likely to cheat. Surprisingly, some efforts to prevent cheating may actually encourage cheating - a person may feel "they dont trust me anyway," and be tempted to "beat the system." Distrust can be contagious. But, so can trust!

　　內容詳解2：

　　honesty

　　n. freedom from deceit, cheating, etc. 誠實

　　style

　　n. fashion 時髦

　　poll

　　n. survey of public opinion by putting questions to a representative selection of persons 民意測驗

　　admit

　　v. state or agree to the truth of; confess 承認，供認

　　admission

　　temptation

　　n. the act of tempting or being tempted 引誘;誘惑

　　peek

　　vi. look (at sth.) quickly, esp. when one should not 偷看

　　behavio(u)r

　　n. way of behaving 行為

　　behave

　　indication

　　n. sign or suggestion 跡象

　　competency

　　n. ability; being competent 能力;勝任

　　diploma

　　n. official paper showing that a person has successfully finished a course of study or passed an examination 文憑

　　corresponding

　　a. matching 相應的

　　criminal

　　a. of crime

　　misdemeano(u)r

　　n. crime that is less serious than, for example, stealing of murder 輕罪

　　charge

　　n. accusation 指控

　　possess

　　n. have, own 占有，擁有

　　advance

　　a. made available before the date of general publication or release 預先的

　　regent

　　n. member of a governing board (學校董事會的)董事

　　drop

　　vt. give up; discontinue 放棄;革除

　　traditional

　　a. of or according to tradition 傳統的

　　tradition

　　requirement

　　n. sth. required; sth. demanded as a condition 要求;必要條件

　　prewritten

　　a. written beforehand; written in advance

　　psychology

　　n. science of the mind 心理學

　　psychological

　　launch

　　vt. start, set going 發起;發動

　　campaign

　　n. series of planned activities for some special purpose 運動

　　file

　　vi. march or move in a line 排成縱隊行進

　　exit

　　n. way out of a place 出口(處)

　　proctor

　　n. 臨考人

　　ID card

　　n. identity card 身份證

　　dorm

　　n. (short for) dormitory 宿舍

　　mug

　　n. the face or mouth

　　shot

　　n. a single photograph

　　mug shot

　　n. (sl.) photograph of a persons face, used for purposes of identification 面部照片

　　ringer

　　n. any person who pretends to be another 冒名頂替者

　　applaud

　　vt. praise esp. by striking ones hands to gether 拍手稱贊

　　campus

　　n. university; the grounds of a university, college, or school 大學;校園

　　editorial

　　n. leading article 社論

　　arrest

　　vt. seize (sb.) in the name of the law 逮捕

　　speeder

　　n. person who drives an automobile at a higher speed than is lawful 違法超速駕駛者

　　intent

　　n. purpose; intention

　　frequently

　　ad. at short intervals, often 頻繁地

　　overcharge

　　vt. charge too much 對...要價太高

　　customer

　　n. person who buys goods from a shop, esp. regularly 顧客

　　myth

　　n. 神話

　　unlike

　　prep. not like, different from

　　cherry

　　n. 櫻桃

　　biographer

　　n. person who writes about another persons life 傳記作家

　　ax(e)

　　n. 斧子

　　character

　　n. mental or moral qualities that make one person, race, etc. different from others 性格，品質

　　moral

　　a. concerning principles of right of wrong 道德的

　　reinforce

　　vt. encourage of strengthen 加強

　　tax

　　n. 稅，稅款

　　clue

　　n. sth. that helps to find an answer to a question 線索

　　check-out

　　n. desk where one pays the bill of the goods one has chosen 結帳處

　　supermarket

　　n. large shop where one serves oneself with food and goods 超級市場

　　overnight

　　a. for or during the night 住一夜的;一整夜的

　　inn

　　n. small hotel 小旅館，客棧

　　towel

　　n. 毛巾

　　vast

　　a. very big

　　numerous

　　a. many

　　watch-dog

　　a. organized or acting as a watchful guardian, esp. against unlawful practice 起監督作用的

　　dishonesty

　　n. the quality of being dishonest

　　reveal

　　vt. make known 揭露

　　evidence

　　n. sign or proof 證據

　　ebb

　　vi. (of the tide) flow back from the land to the sea; grow less; become weak or faint 落潮;低落，衰退

　　flow

　　vi. (of the tide) come in; rise; run or spread smoothly (潮)漲;上升;流

　　incident

　　n. event; happening 事件

　　theft

　　n. (the act of, an instance of) stealing

　　tend

　　vi. have a tendency 易于，往往會

　　link

　　vt. join or connect 連接;聯系

　　economy

　　n. 經濟

　　anyway

　　ad. at all; in any case 究竟;無論如何

　　tempt

　　vt. attract (sb.) to do sth. wrong or foolish 引誘

　　system

　　n. 體制;制度

　　systematic

　　distrust

　　n. lack of trust; mistrust 不信任，懷疑

　　contagious

　　a. tending to spread easily from person to person 傳染的

　　內容詳解3：

　　out of style

　　no longer fashionable 過時的，不再流行

　　according to

　　as stated or shown by; in a way that agrees with 按照，根據

　　(be) faced with

　　面對

　　be hard on

　　對...過分嚴厲

　　on the rise

　　increasing steadily 在增長;在加劇

　　a case in point

　　a very good example 恰當的例子

　　all but

　　all except 除了...都

　　(be) different from

　　unlike, not the same as 與...不同

　　think of ... as

　　regard as

　　in the case of

　　就...來說,至于

　　come to

　　arrive at a particular state or position 變成(某種狀態)

　　lie in

　　exist in 在于

　　on the other hand

　　from the opposed point of view 另一方面,反過來說

　　at ones best

　　in as good a state as possible 處于最佳狀態

　　go up

　　rise; increase 上升;增加

　　go down

　　fall; decrease 下降;減少

　　內容詳解4：

　　UNIT 3

　　TEXT

　　Jefferson died long ago， but may of his ideas still of great interest to us.

　　Lessons from Jefferson

　　Thomas Jefferson， the third President of the United States， may be less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln， but most people remember at last one fact about him： he wrote the Declaration of Independence.

　　Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago， there is much that we learn from him today. Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. Here are some of the things he said and wrote：

　　Go and see. Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important. When still a young man， he was appointed to a committee to find out whether the South Branch of the James River was deep enough to be used by large boats. While the other members of the committee sat in the state capitol and studied papers on the subject， Jefferson got into a canoe and made on-the-spot-observations.

　　You can learn from everyone. By birth and by education Jefferson belonged to the highest social class. Yet， in a day when few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order， Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners， servants， and waiters. Jefferson once said to the French nobleman， Lafayette， "You must go into the peoples homes as I have done， look into their cooking pots and eat their bread. If you will only do this， you may find out why people are dissatisfied and understand the revolution that is threatening France."

　　Judge for yourself. Jefferson refused to accept other peoples opinions without careful thought. "Neither believe nor reject anything，" he wrote to his nephew， "because any other person has rejected or believed it. Heaved has given you a mind for judging truth and error. Use it."

　　Jefferson felt that the people "may safely be trusted to hear everything true and false， and to form a correct judgment. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government， I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter."

　　Do what you believe is right. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas， and this is a source of strength. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive. Though Jefferson was for many years the object of strong criticism， he never answered his critics. He expressed his philosophy in letters to a friend， "There are two sides to every question. If you take one side with decision and on it with effect， those who take the other side will of course resent your actions."

　　Trust the future； trust the young. Jefferson felt that the present should never be chained to customs which have lost their usefulness. "No society，" he said， "can make a perpetual constitution， or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs to the living generation." He did not fear new ideas， nor did he fear the future. "How much pain，" he remarked， "has been caused by evils which have never happened！ I expect the best， not the worst. I steer my ship with hope， leaving fear behind."

　　Jeffersons courage and idealism were based on knowledge. He probably knew more than any other man of his age. He was an expert in agriculture， archeology， and medicine. He practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice， and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. He influenced architecture throughout America， and he was constantly producing devices for making the tasks of ordinary life easier to perform.

　　Of all Jeffersons many talents， one is central. He was above all a good and tireless writer. His complete works， now being published for the first time， will fill more than fifty volumes. His talent as an author was soon discovered， and when the time came to write the Declaration of Independence at Philadelphia in 1776， the task of writing it was his. Millions have thrilled to his words： "We hold these truths to be self-evident， that all men are created equal…"

　　When Jefferson died on July 4， 1826， the 50th anniversary of American independence， he left his countrymen a rich legacy of ideas and examples. American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson， Who believed that only a nation of educated people could remain free.

　　PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS

　　go out of ones way （to do sth.）

　　take particular trouble； make a special effort 特地

　　leave……to

　　leave sb. in charge of 交托，委托

　　act on

　　act according to 按照……行事

　　leave behind

　　abandon； fall to take or bring 丟棄；留下，忘帶

　　in existence

　　existing 存在

　　above all