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托福獨(dú)立寫作技巧：舉例篇
托福獨(dú)立寫作中一個(gè)重要的寫作手法便是“舉例”。考生對(duì)于如何恰當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x并不熟悉，下面應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生網(wǎng)小編將為考生們介紹2類舉例方法，希望對(duì)大家備考托福有所幫助。
舉例(examplification)是托福獨(dú)立寫作的重要手法，甚至被列入官方評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中。但許多考生對(duì)于如何恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例并不熟悉。一般而言，舉例的具體操作方法分為以下兩種：
1. 粗例：粗獷的例子
“粗例”即一類人、物或事，或一個(gè)公認(rèn)事實(shí)的例子，也就是多數(shù)人都能認(rèn)可的信息。尋找這類例子的時(shí)候比較輕松，只要在觀點(diǎn)中找出可以繼續(xù)細(xì)化的重點(diǎn)信息然后narrow down就可以了。
觀點(diǎn)1：
Employers are willing to pay a premium for highly qualified applicants.
粗例1：International companies desire bilingual employees and offer higher salaries to attract them.
粗例可以建立“面”對(duì)“線”的關(guān)系，但需要注意不能太空洞，同時(shí)也要控制使用的量。同時(shí)，粗例需要搭配因果分析、比較論證來使用，才能使整個(gè)段落更有血肉。
2. 細(xì)例：細(xì)致的例子
“細(xì)例”就是具體到一個(gè)人、一個(gè)物，或一件事，可以是實(shí)際存在的(包括家人、朋友、自己和身邊發(fā)生的事，以及名人軼事)，也可以無中生有。這類例子使托福寫作更加鮮活，更有說服力，通常也有更長的篇幅。平時(shí)有意識(shí)地積累并靈活聯(lián)系，寫起這類例子來才會(huì)更加得心應(yīng)手。
觀點(diǎn)2：
Mistakes serve as vivid, sometimes painful deterrents from certain action.
細(xì)例2：A friend of mine suffering from smoking-induced lung disease would remember the emotional and physical pain associated with the side-effects of tobacco usage. Not only does he recall the smell of hospitals, the imprint of pain on the face of someone who died from smoking, but he would also link these memories immediately with cigarettes.
觀點(diǎn)3：
You cannot judge a person only by his or her appearance.
細(xì)例3：Susan Boyle is one of those. Such an appearance has long been rumored, but her incredible voice and stunning performance on BGT has won her great popularity.
值得注意的是，細(xì)例在題材上可以看做是一小段記敘文，因此必須符合記敘文的基本要素要求，如提供時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物等背景信息，寫清楚事件發(fā)生的起因、經(jīng)過、結(jié)果。換言之，細(xì)例應(yīng)當(dāng)具備足夠的細(xì)節(jié)信息，使例子內(nèi)容顯得豐富生動(dòng)，否則就會(huì)缺乏足夠的說服力。
此外，細(xì)例的無中生有的一種形式就是假設(shè)論證，常用if, supposing等開頭。
觀點(diǎn)4：
Individuals play a significant role in alleviating traffic congestion.
細(xì)例4：If 30 people get on a public bus instead of 30 individual cars, there will be far fewer automobiles on the road, greatly easing the traffic burden.
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