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國(guó)際貿(mào)易指南
GUIDE TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE國(guó)際貿(mào)易指南
Part A: Guide to Incoterms 2000
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While the terms of sale in international business often sound similar to those commonly used in domestic contracts, they often have different meanings. Confusion over these terms can result in a lost sale or a financial loss on a sale. Thus, it is essential that you understand what terms you are agreeing to before you finalize a contract.
雖然在國(guó)際商務(wù)中所使用的銷(xiāo)售條件和國(guó)內(nèi)合同中通常所用的銷(xiāo)售條件聽(tīng)起來(lái)很相似，但是它們的含義往往不同。混淆這些條件可能會(huì)喪失銷(xiāo)售機(jī)會(huì)或者導(dǎo)致銷(xiāo)售出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。因此，在敲定合同之前，理解你所用意的條件是至關(guān)重要的。
Incoterms 2000
By the 1920s, commercial traders developed a set of trade terms to describe their rights and liabilities with regard to the sale and transport of goods. These trade terms consisted of short abbreviations for lengthy contract provisions. Unfortunately, there was no uniform interpretation of them in all countries, and therefore misunderstandings often arose in cross-border transactions.
To improve this aspect of international trade, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in Paris developed INCOTERMS (International Commercial TERMS), a set of uniform rules or the interpretation of international commercial terms defining the costs, risks, and obligations of buyers and sellers in international transactions. First published in 1936, these rules have been periodically revised to account for changing modes of transport and document delivery. The current version is Incoterms 2000.
《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則2000》
20世紀(jì)20年代，商人們開(kāi)發(fā)了一套用于說(shuō)明他們?cè)谪浳镤N(xiāo)售和運(yùn)輸中權(quán)利和義務(wù)的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)。這些貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)由代表冗長(zhǎng)合同條款的簡(jiǎn)短縮寫(xiě)構(gòu)成。不幸的是，這些術(shù)語(yǔ)在不同的國(guó)家沒(méi)有同意的解釋?zhuān)虼耍诳鐕?guó)境貿(mào)易中，常常出現(xiàn)誤解。
為了對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的這一領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，設(shè)在巴黎的國(guó)際商會(huì)（ICC）開(kāi)發(fā)了一套用于解釋確定國(guó)交儀中買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方費(fèi)用、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和責(zé)任的統(tǒng)一規(guī)則——國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則。該通則初版于1936，定期進(jìn)行修訂以反映運(yùn)輸和單據(jù)交付方式的變化。現(xiàn)行的版本為《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則2000》。
Use of Incoterms
Incoterms are not implied into contracts for the sale of goods. If you desire to use Incoterms, you must specifically include them in your contract. Further, your contract should expressly refer to the rules of interpretation as defined in the latest revision of Incoterms, for example, Incoterms 2000, and you should ensure the proper application of the terms by additional contract provisions. Also, Incoterms are not “laws”. In case of a dispute, courts and arbitrators will look at: 1) the sales contract, 2) who has possession of the goods, and 3) what payment, if any, has been made. See International Contracts, also by World Trade Press.
《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則》的使用
國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則并非暗含在貨物銷(xiāo)售合同中。如果想采用國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則，必須特地將其寫(xiě)進(jìn)合同中。而且合同應(yīng)該明確援引國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則的最新修訂本，如《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則2000》中確定的解釋規(guī)則。此外，還應(yīng)該通過(guò)附加的合同條款確保這些術(shù)語(yǔ)的正確應(yīng)用。而且，國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則不是“法律”。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)糾紛時(shí)，法院和仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)將考察：（1）銷(xiāo)售合同；（2）誰(shuí)擁有貨物；（3）如果有的話，進(jìn)行了哪些支付。參見(jiàn)世界貿(mào)易出版社出版的《國(guó)際貿(mào)易》一書(shū)。
Illustrated Guide to Incoterms
This guide was designed to give a graphic representation of the buyer’s and seller’s risks and costs under each Incoterm. The material on each facing page gives a summary of seller and buyer responsibilities.
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